The author analyses the Azeri-Armenian relations in the Caucasus that take such a sharp, violent form today which can be compared to the conflicts of national interests between Hungarians and Roumanians in Transylvania. He describes the relations between the Caucasian peoples, the history of those relations, the national movements of Armenians and Azeris in the periods of dependence on the Turkish Empire, tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union.