Similarly to Abascal-Jaen, Löwy too, discusses the Vatican's relationship to capitalism and analyses the encyclical letter called Centesimus Annus. He interprets the role of the Church as a third force in the context of capitalism-socialism, and he too, arrives at the final conclusion that the anticapitalist remarks of the encyclical letter do not offer an alternative but rather serve the easing of the existing capitalism and thus its indirect justification.