Analysing the causes of the „French type fascism" earmarked by Le Pen, the author comes to the idea that racial discrimination in this country actually has two century old historical roots and the present crisis is just the cathaliser in its revival. The structural problems of the French left wing, the internal contradictions of the Church and the collapse of the revolutionary trend represented by the French Communist Party have opened up the road for LePenism. To overcome it, it is not enough to reject racialism in principle: a progressive social movement is needed that would end the causes of its mass attraction.

The author shows us the developing process of the „debt trap". If the accumulated debts cause stagnation, poverty and social tension in the debtor and lower economic growth in the creditor nations, even within the nowadays framework of economic thinking, i. e. if this problem is unsolvable, what can be done? Answer of the author is: the interest rate for the indebted countries must be co-ordinated with their export to the creditor nations and with their own economic growth. The solution is a common interest of the creditor and borrower nations.

The culture of every social group – as opposed to the total culture of mankind"- is particular. The most specific form of this particularity in the modern age is nationalism. Paradoxically, despite of the plurality of the nation-states, they tend to become more and more alike: they operate according to uniform, universal rules. As a protest against this formal control, an organised and an anarchic variant of cultural resistance has emerged.

According to the author's prognosis, by the end of the century, the two ruling formations of our age: the nation and the mass party will decline. World economic relations prove to be stronger than the national/ national economic integration. The left wing has to respond to the changed situation with a new strategy: In contrast to a „market Europe", a cultural identity and political forms that are above the nations have to be established.

Discussing the background of ethnic conflicts that is to be found in uneven cultural development, the author analyses Romania's economic path and possibilities. He discusses the economic causes of the Roumanian-Hungarian conflicts and thinks that Transylvanian Hungarians could play a key role in the rise of Romania.