The economic crisis about 2000 has not left China intact – its exports decreased relevantly both in volume and value. Chinese authorities opted for stimulating domestic demand to counterweight the unfavourable developments, which required establishing consumer mentality for Chinese people. "It became the first time in the history of China that the idea of consumption received full moral support. Consumer behaviour developed into national ideology." On the other hand, Chinese are increasingly realising that the gap between the poor fighting for daily survival and the rich consuming luxury goods is getting wider in their society still called ‘socialism'.

US elites more and more regard the quickly developing China as an economic and political rival. That is why the US makes increasing attempts to curb Chinese exports by administrative measures, and isolate China in international relations. It seems both attempts will fail. The offensive of Chinese diplomacy hinders the hegemony of US imperialism in an increasing number of regions in the world.

The chapter values the work of non governmental organisations (NGO) in Latin America mostly from a political angle, presenting the tendency that community-based and grass-root organisations are gradually replaced by operational and professional ‘development agencies', which in fact promote the agenda of globalisation and neoliberalism. While left-wing movements aim to change the structure of social injustice, NGOs prefer keeping the poor away from politics and see the solution in investing in personal human capital.