The authors analyse two types of the concrete and broad ranging self-go­vernment initiatives in Spain: the system of cooperatives and the "partner­ship owners". They describe the structure in which these work, the scopes of authority and especially the possibilities they provide for the workers to acquire practice in the management of affairs through these forms of parti­cipation.

The author provides a portrait of the somewhat forgotten left wing, social democratic leader, Pal Justus. Justus who was sentenced to life imprison­ment by Rákosi, criticised the then policy of the Hungarian Communist Party from the left, from a basis of principles of consistent, Marxist principles. By presenting Justus's main ideas of principle, the author warns that social de­mocracy does not only contain the social democratic right, the revision of the Marxist concepts but – in a significant trend – also the consistent re­presentation of exactly these concepts. A topical message of Justus is that social democracy is not one single ideal: the bourgeois and the so­cialist ideas of democracy represent two rival concepts.