Based on archive documents, the Russian author reconstructs how and on what considerations Lenin and Bolshevik leaders sent representatives of the former Russian intelligentsia into exile in 1922. Expelling the enemies of the revolution – from Berdyaev to Sorokin – had historical roots, several groups of the Russian intelligentsia were supporting the authoritarian regime against the 1905 Russian Revolution and after 1917 many of them – like Sergei Bulgakov or Peter Struve – actually supported the Whites and later waged a "class-war" against the new intelligentsia of the Soviet power. Although, the exile probably saved their life by escaping from Stalin's oppression but the traditional Russian culture still suffered a great loss.

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As the 90th anniversary of the October Revolution was approaching Moscow intellectuals made an announcement in June 2007.

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Original text in Russian:  http://www.ikd.ru/node/3013

The preface of the booklet containing the contributions to the conference "The positive heritage of 1956: the workers councils" has pointed out that the spirit of the 1956 workers councils threat any party regime. Thus the one-party regime of the Kádár era and the multi-party regime after the system change both – as they well-conceived joint interest – repressed workers councils, which were fighting for ownership rights.

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The article provides a comprehensive picture – focusing on the developed countries – on the performance and currents of the left-of-centre social thought after the collapse of state socialist regimes. According to the author, although ‘Marxist politics has either disappeared or become completely marginalized' in almost all the world ‘but left-wing intellectual creativity has not ceased.' The Marxian theory still is an important reference for many leftwing social analysts and in addition to various post- and neo-Marxian currents also the classical sense Marxian social science produced relevant works in the past one an a half decades. "Capitalism still produces, and will continue to produce, a sense of outrage. … New cohorts of anti-capitalist social scientists will certainly emerge, many will read Marx, but it may be doubted whether many will find it meaningful to call themselves Marxists."

The New Left Review 43 (Jan.-Feb. 2007) published the original article.

The author critically analyses and sums up the main points in Lenin's Marxism the ones that contributed to the development of Marxism in the 20^th Century. The relationship of dialectics, theory and practice, that was in focus of Lenin's theoretical thinking, is not dead but a relevant historical lesson. The article gives an overview of Lenin's general approach, history perception and the starting points and conclusions, contradictions and the relevance to the present of Lenin's thoughts on revolution and socialism. "Lenin's heritage" is a centre of evil to many of the representatives of the ruling ideology, with a solid ground in fact, since this heritage cannot be integrated by the promoters of the capitalist system, because it is a clear social alternative against capitalism. The progressive and forward looking elements of Lenin's Marxism – after getting rid of the "Marxism-Leninism" of Stalinism and post-Stalinism – has been integrated into the further development of Marxism by Gramsci, Lukács and many others.

The article is only available in Hungarian. You can order a copy of the issue.